Çetin was acquitted on appeal in April 2017. In 2016 a court in Antalya delivered Çetin a suspended sentence of one year and the loss of his parental custody rights he stated that he planned to appeal the decision, as Erdoğan was not a president at the time of the Facebook post. In 2014, while Erdoğan was prime minister of Turkey, Rifat Çetin shared a Facebook post that included three photographs of Gollum beside three photographs of Erdoğan with similar facial expressions.
Although portrayed as purely malevolent in The Hobbit, the later books gave him a more complex backstory, revealing that he had once been a hobbit named Sméagol who underwent a transformation through the supernatural influence of the One Ring. He subsequently appeared in the film adaptations as a pale-skinned creature wearing only a loincloth. Tolkien's Middle-earth fantasy novels, introduced in The Hobbit and given a major role in its sequel The Lord of the Rings. Under Article 299 of the Turkish Penal Code, it is a punishable offense to insult the president a violation can lead to a prison sentence of up to four years. See also: Censorship in Turkey and Lèse-majesté
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